Spatial Modeling and Environmental Factors Influencing Seasonal Habitat Use of Wild Elephants (Elephas maximus) in Thung Salaeng Luang National Park, Phitsanulok Province

Background and Objectives: The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) is classified as an umbrella species that plays a critical role in forest ecosystem conservation. Thung Salaeng Luang National Park (1,262.40 km²), located within the Phu Miang–Phu Thong Forest Complex, represents a key habitat for wild elephants. However, habitat fragmentation resulting from the expansion of human settlements and agricultural areas has compelled elephants to increasingly utilize agricultural lands as pseudo-habitat