Making assumptions and boundary choices visible in energy transition planning: Critical systems heuristics for reflexive interdisciplinary decision structuring

Energy transition requires frameworks that not only optimise technical and economic performance but also critically interrogate assumptions, boundaries, and legitimacy at the outset of project planning. The application of Critical Systems Heuristics (CSH) to energy transition planning is presented, demonstrating its value as both a diagnostic and developmental framework, and highlighting the role of upstream transition planning and problem framing alongside existing transition practice. The twel