Crosstown traffic: the evolution of the Roman political system (1993–2023)

Introduction This article examines three decades of electoral behaviour in Rome (1993–2023) across four arenas: munimobilisationnal, national (Chamber of Deputies), and European elections. Holding the same territorial unit constant makes it possible to observe how participation, party competition, volatility, and personalization evolve under changing electoral rules, party-system configurations, and major shocks. The article asks whether Rome behaves as a metropolitan “seismograph,” moving with