Evaluating the Effectiveness of Environmental CSR Practices in the Mining Sector: Evidence from SECL

The mining sector is inherently associated with significant environmental challenges such as land degradation, biodiversity loss, and pollution, raising critical concerns about sustainable resource management. Although Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), institutionalized under the Companies Act, 2013 in India, provides a formal mechanism to address these concerns, limited empirical research has evaluated the actual effectiveness of environmental CSR initiatives in large public sector mining