Urban Squares Under Pressure: A Scoping Review of Conservation Targets, Direct Threats and Conservation Actions

Urban squares remain underrepresented in conservation-oriented literature compared with parks, street trees and green infrastructure. This scoping review uses CS-derived categories as an analytical lens to examine how the literature on urban squares frames conservation targets, direct threats, contributing factors and conservation actions. Following PRISMA-ScR, we searched Scopus and Web of Science for English-language peer-reviewed articles (2014–2024). After screening, 69 studies were included