Binder Effects on Water Stability and Feeding Preference in Artificial Diets for Swamp Eel (Monopterus albus)

The development of stable and palatable artificial feed remains a major challenge in the culture of Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus), mainly due to the continued reliance on natural feeds such as earthworms. This study evaluated the effects of different binder types and concentrations on feed stability and eel feeding responses using pasta feed formulations combining commercial pellets and earthworms. The experiment applied a factorial Completely Randomized Design involving four binder types—g