Prediction of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension during cesarean delivery: a narrative review
Mina Adolf Helmy·Lydia Magdy Milad·Wael Mahmoud El Darandly·Haitham Hassan Awad·Fatma A. Morsy·Reham Amin Kaddah·Mohamed Ahmed Shamma·Kerlous Adolf Helmy
Abstract Spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension remains a major challenge in obstetric anesthesia, with significant maternal and fetal consequences despite prophylactic measures. Reliable prediction tools are essential to stratify risk and optimize management. This review narratively discusses evidence on clinical, hemodynamic, Doppler-derived, and pulse oximetry-based predictors of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in cesarean delivery. Clinical factors such as body mass index, maternal age,