Comparison of the vertical compliance and rotational stiffness of natural, hybrid and artificial football surfaces
David James·Johsan Billingham·Steph E. Forrester·Katie L. Mills·Mickael Benetti·Paul Fleming·Michael Thelwell
Abstract The playing surface in football plays a pivotal role in player performance, safety, and overall game quality. With evolving regulations and continuous technological advances in football surfaces (natural, hybrid, and artificial turf), understanding their performance characteristics is essential. This study evaluated the vertical compliance and rotational stiffness of football surfaces using two test devices adopted by the FIFA Quality Programme: the Advanced Artificial Athlete and the R