Theories, technologies, and future prospects of distributed fiber-optic strain monitoring for hydraulic fracturing

Abstract Distributed strain sensing (DSS), benefiting from its high sensitivity, high spatial resolution, real-time capability, and continuous distributed measurement, has become an important technique for hydraulic fracturing diagnostics. To provide a comprehensive understanding of recent advances in DSS for hydraulic fracturing monitoring, this paper reviews three representative DSS technologies, namely low-frequency distributed acoustic sensing (LF-DAS), rayleigh frequency-shift distributed s