Improved resistance to water erosion and self-healing capacity of earthen-based 3D printed elements using enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP)

Abstract Cracking in earth-based construction materials poses significant durability challenges, necessitating sustainable solutions. 3D printing offers efficient, scalable construction with earthen materials, but requires durable, eco-friendly matrices. This study explores enzymatic-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) using urease to improve water resistance and self-healing in earthen-based 3D printed elements containing cement and rice husk fibers. Urease catalyzes urea hydrolysis, forming