Pollution remains a major global public health concern increasingly associated with cancer incidence. This systematic review and meta-analyses examined the association between cancer risk and pollution across air, water, and land following the PRISMA guidelines. From 26,367 records initially identified in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus (January 2014–June 2025), 168 studies met the eligibility criteria. Meta-analyses conducted on 11 groups of studies revealed significant associations of lung