A hydronic closed-loop coupled with underground water tank for cooling photovoltaic panels in hot and arid climates

Photovoltaic (PV) panels are experiencing significantly reduced performance and lifespan because of the harsh operating conditions in desert locations. This study presents a novel approach for implementing a closed-loop hydronic PV cooling method, integrated with an underground water tank functioning as a ground heat exchanger in soil, to address the challenges of overheating of PV cells during operation time and the associated reduction in PV efficiency. Thus, the cold energy accumulated in cir