How to protect and restore biodiversity? Exploring polarized citizens' expectations through embedding-based topic modeling with large language models

Despite increasing efforts to promote biodiversity protection, a persistent gap remains between policy measures and public expectations. Aligning biodiversity strategies with citizens' concerns is crucial to fostering support and ensuring effective implementation. Building on the environmental governance and ecosystem services literature, this study leverages Large Language Models for embedding-based topic modeling to analyze a large-scale public consultation involving 80,000 participants, 6000