School ecosystem of technology education model (SETEM) for P-12: Comparing perceived importance and current situations from principals’ perspectives

This study examines technology integration in P–12 education by comparing principals’ perceptions of the current state (School Ecosystem of Technology Education Model, SETEM) and the perceived ideal state (Ideal SETEM) of school-level technological readiness and teacher competence. Using a quantitative research design, survey data were collected from 66 school principals in northern Taiwan and analyzed through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal clea