Cognitive and behavioral engagement in online teacher professional development: The role of teacher characteristics and learning opportunities

Designing adaptive online teacher professional development (oTPD) requires an understanding of how both teacher characteristics and the nature of learning opportunities shape teacher engagement. While indicators of behavioral engagement (e.g., time spent) have received some attention, cognitive engagement—how deeply teachers process and reflect on learning opportunities—remains underexplored. This study investigates both behavioral and cognitive engagement across three types of learning opportun