Muscle tendon vibration revisited: Why tonic vibration reflex and kinaesthetic illusions matter

Muscle-tendon vibration (MTV) has long been employed in both experimental and clinical settings, and its interest as a neurorehabilitation tool continues to grow. Yet, two primary physiological responses elicited by MTV, the tonic vibration reflex (TVR) and the kinaesthetic illusion (KI), remain inconsistently described across studies. This raises a fundamental limitation: how can vibration-induced adaptations be interpreted when the underlying reflexive or perceptual contributions are unclear?