Terrorism, gold production, and economic development: Evidence from Colombia, Dem. Rep. Congo, Indonesia, Mali and Philippines

In this paper, we analyze the complex relationship between gold production, terrorism and economic performance in fıve resource-rich countries—Colombia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia, Mali, and the Philippines—over the period 1975-2023. Using the Bootstrapping Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Bounds (BARDL) test augmented with Fourier approximation (FBARDL) and a Granger causality framework based on the Fourier VAR model, the analysis incorporates additional variables, including for