Development of Bola Tepak Game Model for Physical Education (PE) Instruction at Madrasah Tswanawiyah 1 Palembang

Physical education (PE) requires innovative and enjoyable learning models to improve students’ motor skills, motivation, and engagement. Traditional striking-based games are often less contextualized with students’ developmental characteristics, leading to limited skill acquisition and reduced participation. Therefore, this research aims to develop a Bola Tepak game-based learning model for PE instruction at Madrasah Tsanawiyah 1 Palembang and to describe its validity and practicality. This rese