From efficiency to paradox: a tri-axial model of public value leadership in the post-NPM era

Purpose The dominance of New Public Management has waned, leaving public leaders facing complex, wicked problems that technical efficiency alone cannot solve. While Public Value offers a promising alternative, practitioners lack a coherent framework to navigate its demands. This study aims to bridge the gap between abstract Public Value theory and management practice by proposing a Tri-axial Model of Public Value Leadership that integrates normative, relational, and systemic dimensions. Design/m