Green synthesis of curcumin-functionalized NiO/GO nanoparticles with dual role in plant growth and post-harvest fruit protection

Bio-inspired synthesis provides valuable potency in multifunctional applications. The post-harvest spoilage of fruits needs to be minimized through this approach. An eco-friendly and cost-effective bio-based synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) was successfully achieved using Illicium verum Hook.f. extract. To enhance multi-functionality, NiO NPs were further functionalized with graphene oxide (GO) and curcumin, resulting in Cur–GO–NiO. Three different ratios (1:1:0.5, 1:1:1, and 1: