Operational mode discovery and causal analysis for cascading failure detection and environmental monitoring: A case study in automatic assembly systems

Traditional predictive maintenance approaches in assembly systems often overlook the complex interplay between operational modes and their distinct failure propagation mechanisms. This study contributes to predictive maintenance within the Industry 5.0 paradigm by introducing an unsupervised operational-mode learning and causal forecasting framework designed to jointly enhance operational reliability and environmental sustainability. The proposed methodology integrates unsupervised operational-m