A generalized non-equilibrium heat transfer model for annular flow boiling of binary zeotropic mixtures

Zeotropic refrigerant mixtures are promising alternatives to high–global warming potential fluids due to their thermodynamic flexibility and temperature glide, which enables improved thermal matching in heat exchangers. However, the non-isothermal phase change and associated mass transfer effects introduce strong non-equilibrium behavior that challenges accurate prediction of flow boiling heat transfer. In this study, a generalized non-equilibrium heat transfer model is developed for annular flo