Antlion larvae follow optimality rules in body orientation during sand-tossing

Pit-building antlion larvae (Myrmeleon spp.) throw sand at prey that approach their pit using their head and mandibles as a backward-directed "biological catapult". This mechanism restricts effective sand-tossing to a defined angular range behind the larva. When prey-like vibrations come from outside this range, antlions are known to reorient, but the consistency and rules behind this behaviour remain unclear. We tested whether larvae follow optimal turning strategies when reorienting toward a v