Systematic evaluation of crushed waste glass in shotcrete: From laboratory batching to field spraying trial

• Multi-scale evaluation of shotcrete with up to 50% crushed waste glass (CWG). • CWG does not compromise mechanical performance or durability. • ASR expansion acceptable up to 25% CWG replacement. • Field trial confirms feasibility of CWG in sustainable shotcrete production. Crushed waste glass (CWG) offers a sustainable alternative to natural sand, addressing critical issues of sand depletion and promoting circular economy principles in underground construction materials. This study systematic