Comparing plant growth-promoting potential of cow dung based fermented bioformulations across cow breeds

Traditional Indian bioformulations such as Panchagavya, Jeevamrit, Beejamrit, Matka-khad, and others have long provided sustainable, eco-friendly means to enhance crop growth and protection by using natural materials. In this study, fermented bioformulations based on cow dung and urine from indigenous and exotic cow breeds were compared for plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits, antifungal and enzyme activities to support sustainable agriculture. Physico-chemical analysis revealed that bioformulat