Frequency-Domain Rotor and Propeller Tonal Noise Models: Analytical Framework and Prediction Accuracy

Frequency-domain tonal noise prediction models provide a rapid means of assessing rotational noise, which is particularly useful during the early stages of rotorcraft and propeller design and optimization. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the most widely used frequency-domain models, including four steady loading noise models, three unsteady loading noise models, and three thickness noise models. Unified and consistent formulations are provided for all models, and the contributions