Estimating distributed national-scale groundwater recharge in Ethiopia using multiple methods

Abstract Reliable estimation of groundwater recharge is essential for sustainable water resource management, as it underpins assessments of water availability, wellhead protection, contaminant transport, groundwater–surface water interactions, urbanization impacts, and aquifer vulnerability—yet national-scale assessments are particularly challenging in geologically complex regions like Ethiopia. This study presents a 250-m distributed recharge estimation by integrating three distinct methods—Wet