Clay mineralogy influence on cementitious phase development in calcined gravel wash fines cement blends

Gravel wash fines, a by-product of aggregate processing that contains mixed clay mineral phases, have demonstrated potential as an effective supplementary cementitious material upon calcination. Compositional analysis revealed that replacing >40% ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was hindered by a lack of portlandite (calcium hydroxide, CH), either due to cement dilution or being fully consumed by pozzolanic reactions, limiting the effectiveness of the calcined mixed clays as SCMs. Through the addi