Universal method for polyvalent ions’ redox state quantification in inorganic materials down to trace concentrations

Abstract The oxidation state control of polyvalent cations within materials is a pivotal determinant of their macroscopic properties and practical functionalities, from persistent and stress-stimulated luminescence, to energy storage and photocatalytic activity. Nonetheless, the resulting redox state is highly sensitive to synthetic conditions, and quantifying techniques aimed at its determination—while of the highest importance—remain constrained by practical challenges. In the present work, tw