Drosophilid pollination in mycoheterotrophic orchids reveals a brood-site deception–mutualism continuum and phylogenetic conservatism

Although orchid pollination is often highly specialized, fully mycoheterotrophic orchids are generally thought to favor autonomous self-pollination because of carbon limitation, shaded habitats, and patchy population structure. Here, we investigated six nectarless, fully mycoheterotrophic Gastrodia species in Japan using long-term pollinator observations and hand-pollination experiments, together with phylogenomic analyses of all six species, floral scent analyses of three species, and larval re