Financial-Market Forecasting and Modelling from Econometrics to AI: An Integrated Systematic and Bibliometric Review with Content Synthesis (1990–2024)

This study offers a comprehensive assessment of financial market modeling through a PRISMA-based systematic review, bibliometric analysis, and content synthesis. We examined 67 review articles (1990–2024) from Web of Science to build a conceptual framework, and 4982 articles (1990–2024) were analyzed with Biblioshiny. Five main clusters emerge: AI and deep learning for prediction; hybrid models that combine traditional and computational approaches; theoretical foundations, including the Efficien