Learning motivation and self-efficacy of Indonesian international students in Malaysian universities

This study investigates the structural relationship between academic self-efficacy and learning motivation—both intrinsic and extrinsic—using structural equation modeling (SEM). A total of 402 Indonesian students enrolled in five Malaysian universities participated by completing a validated online questionnaire. The findings reveal that academic self-efficacy strongly predicts both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, with a more robust effect on the former. In turn, intrinsic motivation signific