Entanglement Distribution in Quantum Networks Via Swapping of Partially Entangled Pure States

ABSTRACT The entanglement swapping protocol (ESP) is a fundamental primitive for distributing quantum correlations across distant nodes in a quantum network. Recent studies have demonstrated that even when the involved qubit pairs are only partially entangled, it is still possible to concentrate and transmit entanglement via Bell‐basis measurements. In this work, we extend these ideas to quantum networks with various topologies–including linear, star, and hybrid configurations–by analyzing the a