Spatially-resolved atmospheric turbulence sensing with two-dimensional orbital angular momentum spectroscopy

Precise characterization of atmospheric turbulence is fundamental to free-space optical communications and imaging. While vortex beams are effective turbulence probes, existing sensing methods rely on a spatially integrated one-dimensional (1D) orbital angular momentum (OAM) spectrum, which obscures the heterogeneous nature of atmospheric distortions. Via numerical simulations, here we introduce radially resolved two-dimensional (2D) OAM spectroscopy, P(m, n), which resolves the azimuthal OAM sp