Optimizing tilt angles for enhanced solar PV output: A techno-environmental case study across Syrian cities

Accurate estimation of solar radiation and optimal tilt angles is essential for maximizing the efficiency and power output of photovoltaic (PV) systems. This study investigates the optimal tilt angles and expected power generation of PV systems across major Syrian cities using climatic and geographical data. Both isotropic and anisotropic solar radiation models were evaluated, with the anisotropic model yielding approximately 5% higher energy estimates than the isotropic model. Monthly and annua