A PD-L1-targeted and lactate-responsive DNA hydrogel enabling Mito-US therapy: dual functions for postsurgical cancer detection and eradication

The minimal residual disease (MRD) following tumor resection remains a major challenge for preventing recurrence. Existing treatments usually exhibit poor specificity for scattered tumor cells at the surgical site. Moreover, few strategies successfully combine real-time MRD monitoring with sustained therapeutic intervention, further limiting their efficacy. To address these issues, we developed a PD-L1-targeted and lactate-responsive DNA hydrogel (Gel@FX11-SPN_T). A key innovation lies