Constructing de facto language policy: nexus analysis of migrant students' vocational assessment

Abstract While vocational education and training (VET) students in Finland are increasingly multilingual, vocational assessments are often conducted orally in the majority language. This article explores how the de facto language policy was negotiated in two migrant students’ vocational assessment events in Finnish VET. Ethnographic data were collected in two VET institutes from two students, one in catering services and one in surface treatment technology. This nexus-analytical study found that