Emotional labor demands, stratification, and mental health pathways in Europe: Evidence from the European working conditions survey

This study examines the distribution of emotional labor demands across occupations, genders, and employment arrangements in Europe, and investigates the mechanisms through which emotional labor demands are associated with mental health outcomes. Using data from the 2015 European Working Conditions Survey (N = 43,850), we construct an Emotional Labor Demands Index and test hypotheses derived from Hochschild's emotional labor theory and the Job Demands-Resources model. Results reveal that women fa