Electromagnetic induction methodology for mapping sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and ionic composition in salt-affected soils for developing soil database and reclamation planning

Spatial assessment of the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and soil salinity (ECe) at the field scale is essential for effective soil and crop management in salt-affected lands. In this study, a cost-effective, rapid, and non-invasive geophysical technique, electromagnetic induction technique (EMI), was employed to measure soil SAR, while the Electrical Conductivity Sampling Assessment and Prediction (ESAP) software was used for its prediction and quantification. The investigation was conducted ove