Application of viticultural by-product biochar to alleviate soil copper toxicity in vineyard

The widespread application of copper (Cu) based fungicides in viticulture has led to significant copper accumulation in vineyard soils, threatening both ecosystem integrity and soil health. Reducing copper bioavailability in these soils is therefore crucial to promote environmental sustainability. Biochar, a porous carbon-rich amendment, offers a sustainable solution within a circular economy framework due to its well-documented sorptive properties, which allow biochar to immobilize copper, redu