Soil organic carbon (SOC) can persist from days to millennia but remains vulnerable to carbon (C) loss upon disturbances, depending on environmental conditions and mode of stabilization. Understanding drivers of persistence and vulnerability is crucial to assess soil C sequestration as well as potential SOC losses due to changes in climate and land use. Here, we investigate SOC persistence and vulnerability in five land-use types by combining radiocarbon-derived estimates of SOC age (system age)