Reducing carbon emissions in WEEE reverse logistics: a supply chain perspective on risk and collaboration

The rapid expansion of the electronics market has led to a sharp increase in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), intensifying environmental pressure and carbon emissions associated with inefficient recycling systems. Traditional WEEE reverse logistics are characterized by high energy consumption and low resource recovery efficiency, limiting their contribution to carbon reduction goals. To address this issue, this study develops a tripartite evolutionary game model involving the go