Empirical insights into the influence of ChatGPT-facilitated programming on primary learners’ performances: a mixed methods approach

ChatGPT, an AI-driven chatbot capable of generating code and providing timely, personalized feedback, offers new opportunities for supporting programming learning among younger learners. This study employed a quasi-experimental design to examine the effects of Self-Directed Programming (SDP) and ChatGPT-Facilitated Programming (CFP) learning modes on primary learners’ programming knowledge, skills, and attitudes. In addition, learners’ programming behaviors were explored within the CFP learning