Enact-Examine-Extract (E3): an epistemic tool to scaffold upper elementary students’ conceptual and epistemic understanding of artificial intelligence

The growing societal presence of artificial intelligence (AI) necessitates that students develop not only conceptual understanding (CU) of AI mechanisms but also epistemic understanding (EU) of how AI knowledge is generated, constructed, warranted, and constrained. Responding to this need, this study proposes Enact-Examine-Extract (E3), an epistemic tool designed to scaffold upper elementary students’ CU and EU and evaluate its pedagogical effectiveness. Grounded in experiential and epistemologi