Spatio-temporal dynamics of per capita energy consumption carbon emissions in the central Yunnan urban agglomeration based on the ESTDA model

China is currently the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide and also one of the countries making the greatest efforts to reduce emissions. The Central Yunnan Urban Agglomeration, located in southwest China, sits at the geometric center connecting China with South and Southeast Asia. Positioned at the convergence of the Belt and Road Initiative and the Yangtze River Economic Belt, it represents a typical plateau-based, ecologically livable urban cluster. Anthropogenic emissions at the county