Combining interdisciplinary field measurements and ENVI-met simulations for comparative assessment of outdoor human thermal comfort across local climate zones

• ENVI-met parameterisation incorporating field- and laboratory-derived soil data advances OTC modelling beyond standard database inputs. • ENVI-met modelling reveals significant OTC differences across LCZs of Ljubljana. • Mean OTC varies by up to 12.44 °C between LCZs on hot summer days. • Tree shade reduces heat stress by up to 8.43 °C in Ljubljana's urban landscape. Owing to the specific thermal conditions of the urban environment, such as a high proportion of impervious surfaces, low tree co