Unveiling the dynamics of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption in driving environmental sustainability in sub-Saharan Africa

Introduction Sub-Saharan Africa faces increasing environmental pressure amid rising energy demand, economic growth, and rapid population expansion. While renewable energy is often promoted as a pathway to sustainable development, fossil fuel dependence remains widespread in the region. This study examines the dynamic effects of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on environmental sustainability in 27 Sub-Saharan African countries over the period 2009–2021. Methods The study employs a