What Drives Performance in High-Risk Manufacturing? The Roles of Motivation and Discipline

Background: Work motivation and work discipline are widely recognized as determinants of employee performance; however, most empirical studies focus on general organizational contexts, with limited evidence from high-risk, safety-critical manufacturing environments. This gap is significant in flat glass production, where declining performance—reflected in rising absenteeism, tardiness, and disciplinary violations—may directly threaten operational reliability and safety compliance. Objective: Thi