Grooming in Urban Black-horned Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus nigritus cucullatus): Up or Down the Hierarchy?

Abstract Grooming in primates is often structured by dominance rank and exchanged for rank-related benefits under conditions of high feeding competition. However, evidence suggests that such patterns may weaken in environments with abundant and nonmonopolizable resources. We investigated grooming patterns among adult female Sapajus nigritus cucullatus living in an urban forest fragment characterized by high access to anthropogenic food sources. Using grooming interactions recorded from one group