Quality Assessment of Large Language Models Empowering Traditional Chinese Medicine English Translation: A Comparative Study with Online Translation Tools

Objective: To compare the quality differences in English translations of modern traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) texts between artificial intelligence (AI)-driven large language models (LLMs) and mainstream online translation platforms, providing empirical evidence for TCM translation practice and research in the AI era. Methods: A representative passage from the TCM textbook Fundamentals of Chinese Medicine was selected as the source text. The text was input into online translation services t